Speech by Mr. Rimsky Yuen SC
Secretary for Justice of the HKSAR
22nd Anniversary Dinner of the Association of Engineering
Professionals in Society Limited
19 September 2017 (Tuesday)
“The Belt and Road Initiative and Infrastructure Dispute Resolution:
A Few Thoughts”
Dr. Raymond Ho, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,
First of all, may I express my gratitude for inviting me to this 22nd
Anniversary Dinner of the Association of Engineering Professionals in
Society Limited (“AES”), and also for giving me this opportunity to
address such a distinguished audience.
Professionals play an important role in the society of Hong Kong,
and the engineering professionals are no exception. In the past 22 years, the
AES has made significant contributions to both the engineering profession
and to our society as a whole. On behalf of the Government of the Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region (“HKSAR”), I would like to extend
our congratulations, as well as express our gratitude, to the achievements
and contributions made by AES.
The topic that I have chosen for tonight is “The Belt and Road
Initiative and Infrastructure Dispute Resolution: A Few Thoughts”. The key
reason for choosing this topic is four-fold. First, there is no doubt that the
Belt and Road Initiative (“BRI” or “the Initiative”) is a very visionary
initiative, which is going to have significant and long-term impact on the
world. The HKSAR, as an international city, has to position itself
strategically in the Belt and Road context. Second, infrastructure, as we
will see, has a vital role under the BRI. Third, with the dramatic increase of
infrastructure activities along the B&R route, the demand for infrastructure
dispute resolution will increase significantly. Fourth, the HKSAR possesses
the strength for assuming a leading role in the resolution of disputes arising
from Belt and Road infrastructure projects. With these considerations in
mind, allow me to briefly share with you a few personal thoughts
concerning infrastructure dispute resolution in the Belt and Road context.
Huge Demand for Infrastructure
The key objective of the BRI is to improve economic connections
throughout the relevant continental and maritime regions. One of the key
areas of co-operation envisaged under the Initiative is “facilities
connectivity”, which focuses on the improvement of the connectivity of
infrastructure construction and the formation of an infrastructure network
connecting all sub-regions in Asia, and between Asia, Europe and Africa.
Infrastructure, as defined by the Asian Development Bank (“ADB”),
includes transport, power, telecommunications, water supply and sanitation.
It is an essential input into the production of goods and services and raises
productivity. It powers factories and businesses and enables firms to trade.
It encourages innovation and generates new economic opportunities and
jobs as firms interact and discover new products, processes and markets.
Efficient infrastructure lowers distribution costs and boosts living standards
by making goods and services more affordable1.
Following the implementation of the BRI and the economic
development in Asia, infrastructure development is heading towards a
booming age. According to ADB’s report issued earlier this year, it is
estimated that Asia infrastructure investment, over a 15-year period from
2016 to 2030, would amount to US$26 trillion, i.e. about US$1.7 trillion
per year2. Figures from other sources also depict a similar picture. For
instance, it has been reported that China has invested more than US$50
billion in economies along the Belt and Road route since 20133. On the
other hand, infrastructure spending in Indonesia is expected to grow to
about US$165 billion by 20254.
Infrastructure projects, of course, are not just about building,
construction and engineering. They also involve a multitude of supporting
activities (such as supply of equipment and materials) as well as supporting
services, such as financing, accounting, legal and dispute resolution
services. If the economical values of these supporting activities and
services are also taken into account, the figures would be even more
unprecedented.
The Need for Legal Risk Management
The more infrastructure projects there will be, the greater the need
for legal risk management. Properly understood, legal risk management is
not confined to dispute resolution mechanism that can be resorted to after
disputes have arisen. Rather, legal risk management should commence
before a party decides whether to engage in an infrastructure project at a
particular place, and covers each and every stage of the project thereafter.
Put briefly, legal risk management includes: (1) legal due diligence, which
should be carried out before concluding an infrastructure deal, facilitates
the proper understanding of the legal and regulatory regime of the targeted
place of investment; (2) consideration of the proper mode of contractual
arrangement, such as whether a PPP (public-private partnership) or other
investment model is more appropriate in any given case; (3) the proper
drafting of contract, which can reflect the parties’ intention, and cater for
contingencies that should be addressed; (4) the design of clauses relating to
dispute resolution, which should cover situation both before and after a
dispute has arisen, as well as dispute prevention and other incidental
matters such as choice of law.
All these matters require careful planning and handling before a deal
is concluded. Lawyers, however, are not the only group of professionals
who can or should contribute in this regard. Contribution by the
engineering profession is definitely valuable, and should be encouraged so
that appropriate or even tailor-made legal risk management can be devised
and carried out.
In the Belt and Road context, legal risk management is not just
important, but indispensable. The Belt and Road route, as you know, covers
more than 60 jurisdictions. Not only are these jurisdictions at different
stages of economic development, they also have different legal systems
with different legal culture and legal traditions.
Given such differences, the best approach is to embrace them by
understanding the differences and by dealing with them head-on by way of
proper legal risk management. Indeed, in 2015, the Supreme People’s Court
issued an opinion concerning the judicial services and safeguards for the
implementation of the BRI 5. This Opinion reflects the positive and
progressive approach adopted by the central authorities in the handling of
legal risk in the Belt and Road context, and one can see the importance it
placed on (among others) dispute resolution.
The Role and Strength of the HKSAR
This brings me to the next point that I wish to make tonight --- the
HKSAR can assume a leading role in providing legal risk management
services for the infrastructure projects to be carried out along the Belt and
Road routes.
Why do I say that? I have discussed the strength of the HKSAR as a
dispute resolution centre on other occasions. As I wish to make a few
suggestions before I conclude, I would only briefly recap the key points,
which include Hong Kong’s experience in infrastructure projects and
arbitration, the presence of talents and expertise, a modern and robust legal
regime including the Arbitration Ordinance and the Mediation Ordinance,
our independent and yet pro-arbitration Judiciary, as well as our extensive
network for enforcing arbitral awards.
There is one factor that I, however, wish to emphasis, namely, the
HKSAR is an ideal neutral venue. I stress this point because from time to
time, we come across the suggestion that the HKSAR is part of China and
therefore cannot be regarded as a neutral venue when a dispute involves a
Mainland party. Such a suggestion, sometimes made out of ignorance and
sometimes made for other reasons, is completely groundless. In a recent
decision by the High Court of England and Wales, the High Court judge
described Hong Kong as “a well-known and respected arbitration forum
with a reputation for neutrality”6.
Concluding Remarks
Ladies and gentlemen, the investment in and the development of
infrastructure facilitate the sustainable development of human society.
Proper legal risk management, in turn, facilitates the smooth
implementation of infrastructure projects.
Legal risk management and dispute resolution are not the prerogative
of lawyers, but is best dealt with by adopting a multi-disciplinary approach.
Such an approach is essential, especially in respect of the training of talents
and the conduct of research. Speaking of training of talents, the double
degree for engineering and law previously offered by the Law Faculty of
HKU is apparently no longer on offer. I am given to understand that this
was due to insufficient interests from students. If that were indeed the case,
it is regrettable. And I do hope that the legal and engineering professions
can join hands to impress upon our younger generation the importance of
cross-disciplinary studies and researches. In my view, closer co-operation
and collaboration among the engineering profession, the legal profession,
the academic circle and the dispute resolution community is one of the best
ways to further enhancing the HKSAR’s role in handling infrastructure
disputes in the Belt and Road context and beyond.
Further, arbitration has thus far been the main focus of resolving
infrastructure disputes. Arbitration of course has its advantages, and one
can understand why it is a popular form of dispute resolution. However,
dispute resolution mechanisms other than arbitration, such as mediation (be
it facilitative, evaluative or otherwise), early neutral evaluation and expert
determination should also be considered, either on its own or together with
arbitration as part of a structured dispute resolution model. Since dispute
resolution is there to serve the end-users (i.e. parties to disputes), what
matters ultimately is the availability of different choices to the end-users so
that they can pick the dispute resolution method which can best suit their
needs.
Lastly, may I stress that the Department of Justice looks forward to
working closely with the engineering profession to further enhance Hong
Kong’s status as a leading centre for international legal and dispute
resolution services in the Asia-Pacific region.
On this note, may I wish AES every success in its future endeavors
and may I also wish all of you an enjoyable evening.
Thank you.